<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2927131442511299438</id><updated>2012-02-12T07:15:36.070-08:00</updated><category term='Thanks Giving'/><category term='Claude  Allegre&apos;s second thoughts global warming'/><title type='text'>The "Conservative Chronicles"</title><subtitle type='html'>Your online encyclopedia of conservative history / Because you deserve to know!</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2927131442511299438/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2927131442511299438/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>The Conservative Thinker</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12915496826303137212</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-proLb4l-yKE/TXosJ5zbd5I/AAAAAAAABZk/OYGnfwpC490/s220/ME%2BAND%2BJOE%2BTHE%2BPLUMBER.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>447</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2927131442511299438.post-321408173022603582</id><published>2012-02-09T05:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-09T05:36:18.509-08:00</updated><title type='text'>China Gets the Gas!</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="article-header-title" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.france24.com/en/20120203-petrochina-buys-stake-canada-shale-gas-project" target="_blank"&gt;PetroChina buys stake in Canada shale gas project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xSePsxHgpGE/TzPJ9HD5o1I/AAAAAAAADeU/4txc8MzqTBE/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.25.35+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="280" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xSePsxHgpGE/TzPJ9HD5o1I/AAAAAAAADeU/4txc8MzqTBE/s400/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.25.35+AM.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;BO shakes hands with communist President Hu Jintao. It was so easy to&lt;br /&gt;Scam the Americans! This black guy really hates whitey!&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="article-header-title" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Times; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"&gt;One more step in the decline of America!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://hornrivernews.com/2009/11/23/obama-announces-shale-gas-initiative-with-china/" target="_blank"&gt;China gets the gas that Obama rejects!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remember the pipeline? Rejected to get elected.&lt;br /&gt;There goes the gas, jobs and independence from foreign imports.&lt;br /&gt;China is building up it's military to take us on and we are paying for it!&lt;br /&gt;Brazil gets off shore drilling, now China gets the shale gas.&lt;br /&gt;My question is and was fro some time.......&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;Are Americans Stupid?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I now think I have my answer! (Actually I know)&lt;br /&gt;And as this is all happening the exorbitantly rich Liberals in Hollywood are moving to other countries to avoid the fall they had a part in causing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;China getting feet wet with B.C.'s shale gas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5RwWS6hwGVk/TzPKmsSy-nI/AAAAAAAADec/kTNHkZDvDXc/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.23.32+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5RwWS6hwGVk/TzPKmsSy-nI/AAAAAAAADec/kTNHkZDvDXc/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.23.32+AM.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Communism takes one more step in strangling America&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the eve of Premier Christy Clark's announcement of a strategy to pro-mote the export of liquefied natural gas to Asian markets, a story out of Hong Kong provided a reminder of how fast things are moving in the volatile energy sector.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BY VANCOUVER SUN FEBRUARY 8, 2012 BE THE FIRST TO POST A COMMENT&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the eve of Premier Christy Clark's announcement of a strategy to pro-mote the export of liquefied natural gas to Asian markets, a story out of Hong Kong provided a reminder of how fast things are moving in the volatile energy sector.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"PetroChina buys Canadian shale stake," was the headline from the Reuters news agency last Thursday, atop the news that one of the big Chinese state-owned oil companies had bought a piece of the action here in B.C.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Calgary Herald provided the context: "The large Chinese LNG importer has agreed to put money behind Royal Dutch Shell's shale gas development in northeastern B.C., which lowers development costs and nudges the early stage export concept for Kitimat closer to reality."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The point being that Petro-China had already invested in a Shell-backed proposal for an LNG terminal in Kitimat, the largest of three touted by Clark in the announcement she made Friday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now the Chinese were also paying an estimated $1 billion for a 20-per-cent stake in Shell's shale gas property in the north-east, source of the feed stock for the proposed LNG terminal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But in addition to securing a potential supply of LNG, China had other designs. "PetroChina hopes to gain experience in management and production in the exploration and development of unconventional natural gas through its cooperation with Shell," a company representative confirmed to reporter Rebecca Penty of the Calgary Herald.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RcYyp-gA_SI/TzPLEHI2YNI/AAAAAAAADek/meLrDQ-jW-Y/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.23.53+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="225" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RcYyp-gA_SI/TzPLEHI2YNI/AAAAAAAADek/meLrDQ-jW-Y/s400/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.23.53+AM.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Chinese workers get ready to stick it to Unkle Sam!&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Or as the Bloomberg news ser-vice headlined it: "PetroChina, Shell deepen ties for 'powerful' shale potential." Meaning not just their ties on this side of the Pacific, but in China as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For Shell is already involved in helping the Chinese national petroleum company develop that country's shale gas reserves, which are enormous. The partners invested $400 million in a joint venture that saw a dozen wells drilled last year with a projected two dozen more this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reuters again: "China is set for a shale gas revolution which will surpass that seen in the U.S., [says] the chair of Sinopec, the country's second-largest oil company." That from a report out of the World Petroleum Congress in Qatar last December.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Sinopec chair reckoned that it might take the rest of the decade. But given that the Chinese shale gas reserves were estimated (by the U.S. Energy Information Administration) to be "by far the largest in the world" it was only "a matter of timing."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor is China likely to put up as many environmental obstacles to the development of shale gas, a controversial process that involves injecting water and chemicals into shale formations deep within the earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In New York and New Jersey, authorities have halted drilling in response to public unease, at least temporarily," the New York Times noted recently. "Such sentiments are unlikely to stand in the way of China, where 1.2 million people were moved to make way for the Three Gorges Dam."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SQaTbGCmYoo/TzPLV7vYi2I/AAAAAAAADes/RronJOk1fdI/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.26.59+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="246" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SQaTbGCmYoo/TzPLV7vYi2I/AAAAAAAADes/RronJOk1fdI/s320/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.26.59+AM.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Times reporter Joel Kirk-land visited one of the early Chinese shale gas drilling sites last fall and reported back on how the infant industry is get-ting a huge push from a driven government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Shale gas is among the largest onshore energy projects in China and it is treated as such by Beijing," he wrote. "Tap-ping the homegrown shale could buffer the economy from supply shocks ... and shale gas can be a formidable competitor for high-priced liquid natural gas shipments sloshing around the open seas."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Including, presumably, all those hypothetical shipments from still-on-the-drawing board LNG terminals in B.C. The first of the three is projected to be running by mid-decade, the second at about the same time with the Shell property to follow by 2020 at the earliest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In which regard, consider the conclusion drawn by FACTS, a consulting firm specializing in Asian petroleum markets, in a report on shale gas and other so-called "unconventional" sources of LNG, presented to the Pacific Energy Summit in Indonesia this time last year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Though still in the early stages, China as well as Asia as a whole, could reap significant rewards from unconventional gas developments going forward," it noted, offering as a point of comparison, the five-fold increase in production over five years in the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If Asia can replicate what happened in the U.S, there will be major implications for the global LNG market. After all, Asia currently accounts for over 60 per cent of LNG imports."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bnScBuK5Rcg/TzPLgY7DhDI/AAAAAAAADe0/H7pyhqgVhSA/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.27.32+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="317" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bnScBuK5Rcg/TzPLgY7DhDI/AAAAAAAADe0/H7pyhqgVhSA/s400/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.27.32+AM.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Every Saudi gallon pumped supports another terrorist.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not straightaway, however. "The direct impact on LNG will be limited through 2020." Which, ahem, is about when the third of those B.C. terminals is hoped to be up and running.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All of which recalls some-thing Shell Canada president Lorraine Mitchelmore said last fall, by way of caution for every-one promoting LNG development in this country. "I'm not sure they understand the sense of urgency in front of us," she said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We have a very short window."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Her words ought to be posted on the wall for everyone in charge of implementing B.C.'s LNG strategy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;vpalmer@vancouversun.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2927131442511299438-321408173022603582?l=theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/feeds/321408173022603582/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/2012/02/china-gets-gas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2927131442511299438/posts/default/321408173022603582'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2927131442511299438/posts/default/321408173022603582'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/2012/02/china-gets-gas.html' title='China Gets the Gas!'/><author><name>The Conservative Thinker</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12915496826303137212</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-proLb4l-yKE/TXosJ5zbd5I/AAAAAAAABZk/OYGnfwpC490/s220/ME%2BAND%2BJOE%2BTHE%2BPLUMBER.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xSePsxHgpGE/TzPJ9HD5o1I/AAAAAAAADeU/4txc8MzqTBE/s72-c/Screen+shot+2012-02-09+at+8.25.35+AM.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2927131442511299438.post-8246549678045660185</id><published>2012-02-05T06:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-05T06:52:43.873-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Who is Christina D. Romer? (Another Obama Looser!)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #a81817; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;February 4, 2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: grey; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Who is Christina D. Romer?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: grey; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wfN5Clfkbkw/Ty6TK0SrJmI/AAAAAAAADdk/cBQYFKQVvnw/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.28.40+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="262" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wfN5Clfkbkw/Ty6TK0SrJmI/AAAAAAAADdk/cBQYFKQVvnw/s400/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.28.40+AM.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Joe and Christina have a laugh trying to figure out who is more clueless!&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: grey; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Christina D. Romer&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(née&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Duckworth&lt;/b&gt;; born December 25, 1958) is the Class of 1957 Garff B. Wilson Professor of Economics at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of California, Berkeley&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and a former Chair of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Council of Economic Advisers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Obama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;administration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[1][2]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;As the administration presided over one of the biggest economic collapses in American history, She resigned from her role on the Council of Economic Advisers on September 3, 2010.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;After her nomination and before the Obama administration took office, Romer worked with economist&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Bernstein" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Jared Bernstein&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to co-author the administration's plan for recovery from the 2008 recession.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In a January 2009 video presentation,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;she discussed details of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Job-creation_package&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ba120d;"&gt;job-creation package&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that the Obama administration submitted to Congress.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Romer was born in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Alton, Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. She graduated from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Oak_High_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Glen Oak High School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Canton, Ohio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, in June 1977. She obtained her&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;bachelor's degree&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in economics from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;The College of William &amp;amp; Mary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1981, and her&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D." style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ph.D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Massachusetts Institute of Technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1985. Upon completion of her doctorate, she started working as an&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_professor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;assistant professor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Princeton University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In 1988 she moved to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of California, Berkeley&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and was promoted to full professor in 1993.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cXMTy7xlozc/Ty6TitN9fBI/AAAAAAAADds/aY9K7hUtfv8/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.30.30+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="202" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cXMTy7xlozc/Ty6TitN9fBI/AAAAAAAADds/aY9K7hUtfv8/s400/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.30.30+AM.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;These guys know much more than you do&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;She is a former vice president of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;American Economic Association&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;recipient, a fellow of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;American Academy of Arts and Sciences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and a winner of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Distinguished_Teaching_Award&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ba120d;"&gt;Berkeley Distinguished Teaching Award&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Professor Romer is co-director of the Program in Monetary Economics at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;National Bureau of Economic Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and was a member of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee until she resigned from this position on November 25, 2008.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;In 2008 Romer was set to join the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Harvard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;faculty of economics, while her husband was offered a position at the university's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_School_of_Government" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Kennedy School of Government&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. However, the Romer's remained at Berkeley after&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Drew Gilpin Faust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Harvard's president, vetoed her appointment.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;Her decision resulted in substantial discussion within the discipline and in the mass media. The motivations for Faust's decision to block Romer's appointment remain unclear, though speculation has focused on an opposition among "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;New Classical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;" economists to her "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;New Keynesian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;" tendencies, or a reluctance to appoint MIT-trained faculty at Harvard.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Editors note!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Do you notice something about Ms Romer?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;She is typical of the Obama Administration.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Think about it. Who would you take business information and suggestions from? Christine Romer or Steven Jobs. Humm. Not a hard decision. C&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Christine Romer displays a very unique trait, she never had a job! Never had to make payroll, worry about billings, regulations competition and anything else associated with starting and running a business.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;No C Romer spent her life hiding in universities and high-end focus groups contemplating what others did wrong.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Shit, when it comes right down to it why don't we just ask her what it was like to walk on the moon while we are at it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;I learned early on when I went back for my second degree and having over 10 years of my own business experience that teachers are the last people you seek advice from.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Think of it. If we let our military or police force read about their craft would you want them protecting you?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;How about that Pilot in your jet flying you to your next destination. Think experience helped him a bit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Best of all do you think studying journals and kibitzing with other ivory tower types would have helped out&lt;span style="color: #232323; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial;"&gt;Captain C.B.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sully&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #232323; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sullenberger land his jet in the Hudson.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uZYdkvzmXBs/Ty6UxpqZlPI/AAAAAAAADeM/FWvr8Xi0SgU/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.39.27+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uZYdkvzmXBs/Ty6UxpqZlPI/AAAAAAAADeM/FWvr8Xi0SgU/s320/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.39.27+AM.png" width="238" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #232323; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;I can see her face now, turning red with indignation wanting to blurt out about how facts and figures reports and policies have helped everyone!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;And then in some ways they might have but in the big view Pontificators like Romer all have one thing in common……&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;They are never held responsible for their actions. Actions have consequences.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;If an ad agency does a lousy job they get fired&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Factory puts out junk they go out of business and so on, you know the drill.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Look at apple computer vs Solyndra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;You don't need to be a genius to know the answer. Apple is self-supporting. Ford is self-supporting. Gm had to go on life support just to pay off the unions and now puts out crap that they can't even sell like the Volt.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Anyway it gets frustrating to see crap like Romer's article below without giving a little input.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #232323; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;What’s next, who'll be teaching skydiving? Hey If you what to take her advice, go do it just as long as it does not involve me. You pay the consequences its fine to me! But when government affects everyone including me I’m getting a little sick of the soft intellectual types and their failing policies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0_ImsZyMQ60/Ty6T2gaAdbI/AAAAAAAADd0/dc9q0Db-LMg/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.29.23+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="356" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0_ImsZyMQ60/Ty6T2gaAdbI/AAAAAAAADd0/dc9q0Db-LMg/s400/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.29.23+AM.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Happier days prior to leaving Obama's disaster&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0745ad; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;______________________________&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;____________________________&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 32px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Do Manufacturers Need Special Treatment?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 32px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x-Z8tJbigKc/Ty6UELHHl0I/AAAAAAAADd8/rD1iFS9V4OQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.31.08+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="227" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x-Z8tJbigKc/Ty6UELHHl0I/AAAAAAAADd8/rD1iFS9V4OQ/s320/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.31.08+AM.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 32px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 36px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;By CHRISTINA D. ROMER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 32px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 36px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Editor's notes in Italics)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; color: grey; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;EVERYONE seems to be talking about a&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;crisis in manufacturing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Workers, business leaders and politicians lament&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;the decline of this traditionally central part of the American economy.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;President Obama, in his&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/s/state_of_the_union_message_us/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;State of the Union address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, singled out&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;manufacturing for special tax breaks and support.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Many go further, by&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;urging trade restrictions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;direct government investment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;in promising industries. (Solyndra)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;A successful argument for&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;a government manufacturing policy&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;has to go beyond the feeling that it’s better to produce “real things” than services. American consumers value health care and haircuts as much as washing machines and hair dryers. And our earnings from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/business/16build.html?_r=2&amp;amp;pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;exporting architectural plans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for a building in Shanghai are as real as those from exporting cars to Canada. (Huh?)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;The economic rationales for a policy aimed specifically at shoring up manufacturing largely fall into&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;three categories.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;None are completely convincing:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;MARKET FAILURES Government intervention&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;can be justified on efficiency grounds if the free market won’t work well. For example, when competition in a market is limited, antitrust laws that prevent monopoly can be helpful.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Weak statement any specific back up statements? Can you site any specific situations that justify this statement?)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;In manufacturing,&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;the market can malfunction i&lt;/b&gt;f there are&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;positive externalities&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;across companies. That means that some benefits of a manufacturing plant go to companies other than the one deciding whether to build it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Clusters of manufacturing businesses&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;can be more productive than an individual one. As a result, when an entrepreneur sets up a plant, some of the benefits accrue to other businesses in the area.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Oh my god, this sounds like the shit they fed us in elementary economics. How about Boeing and right to work? Humm? Come on we all know you as a little smart come up with something useful in the real world hun!)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;This argument could&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;justify government subsidies or tax breaks.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;But large&lt;b&gt;clustering effects&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;have been hard to find.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/7535" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;A study&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by Professors Glenn Ellison of&lt;b&gt;M.I.T.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Edward Glaeser of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Harvard&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;showed that in many industries, businesses were only modestly more clustered than if they were allocated randomly — suggesting that the benefits, while real, may often be small.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(First of all, why do you have to announce the affiliation of each professor? why announce that they are professors? I'll tell you why, because then the average reader will say, Wow they are smart and in the in crowd, who am I to challenge what they are saying. By the way why are we beating to death this clustering shit? It's nothing new. Corning glass just shipped off 5000 jobs Ms Romer to where, a cluster in China. They built a flat screen glass manufacturing plant next to the factories that produce TV's in china.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Interestingly between china's low cost of employment, the non exhausting Unions in china, no legacy costs and so on are why the plants were built, so cluster this!)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Moreover,&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;the logic of clustering’s benefits&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is likely to apply outside manufacturing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Software development&lt;/b&gt;, insurance and entertainment are three service industries where we observe clustering and where&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;positive externalities&lt;/b&gt;may be large. Why single out manufacturing for special treatment?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(I'll tell you why dopey, Environmental regulations that’s why. Aside from the vile air pollution from Hollywood the industries above never have to worry about restrictive regulations, power costs, animal rights activists, minorities who want a piece of the action and union intrusions.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;A related argument for subsidizing manufacturing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;involves&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;learning by doing.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;It takes time for a production process to become efficient.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Jees! Henry ford wouldn't have ever known that if you hadn't pointed it out for him. That's an earthshaking finding, thanks for sharing it with me!)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;But whether&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;learning creates a role for government&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;depends on whether the company taking the risk captures the eventual returns&lt;b&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;If the company that jumps in first and eventually succeeds reaps all the rewards, there’s not a market failure. The company needs to count the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;learning period&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;as&lt;b&gt;part of the investment cost.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;And with well-functioning capital markets, it should be able to find investors without government help.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(True nothing new, that's why investors are taxed at 15% on capital gains. They invest with already taxed $$$ and if they win they make $$$$ and if they loose they loose their own cash, not the American public's as in the case of Solyndria and many of the bogus government sponsored green businesses.) By the way why didn't GE pay any taxes? Hummm?&amp;nbsp; Could it be that they are propping up a loosing state media beating Obama's drums and in return they get Tax breaks and windmill accounts?)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;On the other hand, if an&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;early entrant&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(we call them entrepreneurs) paves the way, but&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;other companies come in later and snatch the rewards,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;government intervention&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;could&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;be helpful.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Duh! Happens every day especially with software and green technology. China is the king of technology theft and the Obama administration wont sound a peep because we are in so much dept with them.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;In this situation,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;private entrepreneurs&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;may not do as much early investment as would be good for the economy. Still,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://klenow.com/LBD_Spillovers.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;a study of the semiconductor industry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;found that although learning by doing was substantial, most of the rewards went to companies doing the early investing. And what spillovers there were, crossed national borders.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(What? you'd think with all of that education you could at least speak in concrete terms, what are you saying, be specific!)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;The possible&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;externality&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;of greatest concern may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;national defense.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;The argument that&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;we need a strong manufacturing base&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;in case of war must be taken seriously. But it still doesn’t follow that all manufacturing deserves special treatment.&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Which industries are truly essential in a war effort?&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;And might normal production in military industries, as well as existing supply arrangements with allies, provide adequate protection?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Instead of asking questions you are the smart why don't you give us the answers we are seeking isn't that your job Ms Romer? oh I know, you are a professor and just paid to throw things out there for consideration! Hey! I'm just a dumb fuck with a web page, but the thing I've learned is that if I don't produce I don't eat! Ever hear of that in your travels. Unfortunately for your type, soft unchallenged and with no real responsibilities when you fail you pass on the buck, give another speech, go to another dinner, get another honorary doctorate.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Without&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;compelling evidence&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;special market failures&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;in manufacturing, it might be better to&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;enact policies that will make all American businesses and workers more productive and successful.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(How about Amtrak is that a compelling failure that would interest you? who are you writing this article for anyway liberals in Hollywood? by the way they are being shorted on funds why doesn't the government prop them up? They did in Germany? Got good results if I remember correctly Mrs. R. You know, if you had ever worked or if your buddy BO ever had a job you would possibly know that eating is a great incentive. You work, produce, get paid.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;If the business needs to get things done and correctly they will pay for it, but now businesses are almost like country clubs, social experimental clubs, and objects of shakedowns by the Rainbow Collation.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;It wasn't the government that made manufacturing great in this country. It wasn't the amount of happy gays, blacks or minorities feeling fulfilled that made the tanks we needed, it was the, dare I say the production line and innovation. Look into it you are a high paid intellectual type with time on her hands. Check out how innovations cut down manufacturing costs and helped reap market share. Business was tough and cutthroat Ms Romer it wasn't a pleasant woman’s knitting circle. It ain't social services. Oh by the way how, is the post office doing these days?)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;President Obama&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/24/remarks-president-state-union-address" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;mentioned some in his State of the Union address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: expansion and&lt;b&gt;enforcement of free trade agreements;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;public investment in&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;basic science,&lt;/b&gt;infrastructure and education; and corporate tax reform.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(Don’t we spend enough on these, yet the American students rate some of the lowest scores in the world when it comes to science and math)?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;JOBS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;A key argument for&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;encouraging manufacturing&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is to&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;create jobs&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;and reduce unemployment. Unfortunately, those effects are probably small.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;(&lt;i&gt;Another small-minded statement, obviously you still need to get from behind your mothers skirt. Businesses don't create jobs. Jobs are created out of needs. When you produce-a concept you might not be too familiar with, you need to complete tasks, another big word! If robotics can’t do it you hire people to fill the need. They get paid commensurate to what the job is worth and the skill needed. Hey ever watch Orange county choppers? Sure you did you don't need to admit it and go down a notch, but who would you pay more? Mikey who takes out the gabage or Jr. who actually designs the bikes? Which is the baggage? Let me know when you come up with an idea!)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Unemployment today is high, but not because of a decline in manufacturing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;That decline has been going on for 30 years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;— and for most of the 1990s and 2000s, the unemployment rate was less than 6 percent.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Check the numbers in the Bush years you going to tell me that unemployment was high? I guess government intervention into the housing market didn't have anything to do with the bust did it.&amp;nbsp; Ever do a study on that? Remember Jimmy Carter, Red lining, fair housing, Barney Frank Chris Dodd, Country wide and so on?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wahdt you don't? Well give it a thought and maybe you would be able to write a more compelling article. This was one of the most juvenile articles I’ve ever seen since college. Know wonder why you had to leave. Why don't you actually do a really neat experiment and get a job yourself? too hard. hum)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Today,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;we face a profound shortfall of demand.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(Actually there is plenty of demand, there is in your words, a profound amount of international competition that we cant keep up with in the current business atmosphere.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;That truly is a terrible&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;market failure&lt;/b&gt;, and it warrants government intervention.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Here we go again, government intervention Keynesian economics hold my hand commie socialism Alynskie will it ever end?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;But we need actions that&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;raise overall demand&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;— like a&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;tax cut&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;for households so they have more take-home pay to spend,&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;more aid&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;to troubled state and local governments, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;public investments&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;in infrastructure. These are all things that&lt;b&gt;President Obama has advocated.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(It's a shame you are such a political whore! )&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Number one there is and will always be demand, but if you are not working you can’t pay for it!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2) Households don't need tax cuts when they pay little of no taxes as it is. The rich who build businesses and take risks with their money and not the American peoples money need the incentive and breaks. Not many start up software companies have come out of the tax paying projects in Harlem or Philadelphia!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;3) Public investment in infrastructure and fast trains rant going to turn things around and you know it. Take from to tom to pay Paul. Bernie Madoff was a shining example of government investment. In the end bills still have to be paid and who do tax cuts fit into this risky scheme Ms Romer?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;By the way wasn't it BO that said that there weren’t as many shovel ready jobs?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;A&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;narrow tax cut&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;for manufacturing is unlikely to raise aggregate demand significantly. By making our industrial goods cheaper, it might stimulate foreign demand, but probably not enough to make a dent in our unemployment rate. On the other hand,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;more aggressive monetary policy that lowered the price of the dollar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;would stimulate all our exports, and so have far more impact.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Actually you mean lower the value of the dollar don't we get a little thing called inflation from that?)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;At the same time, plant shutdowns by large manufacturing companies leave huge holes in local job markets, and moving is very costly for dislocated workers with ties to their communities. There’s surely a role for government to help these devastated areas. (So what is it, any ideas or is this just another example of non-committed spouting by the socialist intelligentsia?)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;One little-emphasized&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/25/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-blueprint-support-us-manufacturing-jobs-dis" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;component of the president’s manufacturing plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;$6 billion of tax credits&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;for any type of company&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;investing in communities&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;that have suffered the closing of a military base or another major job loss.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.hamiltonproject.org/files/downloads_and_links/FinalBartik_DiscussPaper_Oct2010.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;A spate of new research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;suggests&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/yZM9em" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;that such “place-based” policies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;may be&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;effective in raising local employment and wages.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Why is everything with you may be, could be should be and so on? That's because of your inexperience and need to tote the line you don't have an answer. Do you think these ideas are new? You have to be ashamed of yourself, but we know you're not. You get paid if things work out or not. Obfuscation is your job and Mr. union type dopey bastard will shake his head in agreement and say we need mo Govment! We'll gist pay fer it rum Obamz stash!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;INCOME DISTRIBUTION&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;A&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;final argument for supporting manufacturing i&lt;/b&gt;s&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Where was your first argument?)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;distributional.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Manufacturing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;jobs are seen as one of the few sources of well-paying jobs for&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;less-educated workers.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Indeed, in the four decades after&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/w/world_war_ii_/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;World War II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, manufacturing jobs paid more than other jobs for given skills.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;But that is much less true today. Increased&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;international competition&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;has&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;forced American manufacturers to reduce costs.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;As a result, the pay premium for low-skilled workers in manufacturing is smaller than it once was.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Today,&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;manufacturing wages are high largely because production is capital-intensive and technologically sophisticated.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;As a result,&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;educational requirements&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;have risen. Now, more than half of manufacturing workers&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/20091216-maunfacturing-framework.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;have some college education&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, up from just over 20 percent in 1969.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;There are sectors where workers with&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;good educations&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;could earn good wages if the economy were healthy. Why focus on manufacturing to&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;create such jobs&lt;/b&gt;? Instead, government could make it easier for workers to get the education needed for high-skilled jobs in many fields — and encourage business formation wherever entrepreneurs see a promising opportunity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;If increasing&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;income equality&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;is the goal, it might be wiser to put&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;money into infrastructure&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;than to subsidize manufacturing. Construction also pays good wages, but with lower educational requirements.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;And America’s infrastructure needs are enormous. Or, we could&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;redistribute income through the tax code&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;— economists’ traditional tool.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;AS an economic historian,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;I appreciate what manufacturing has contributed to the United States. It was the engine of growth that allowed us to win two world wars and provided millions of families with a ticket to the middle class. But&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;public policy needs to go beyond sentiment and history.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;It should be&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;based on hard evidence&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;of market failures, and reliable data on the proposals’ impact on jobs and&lt;a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/income/income_inequality/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #011467;"&gt;income inequality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;So far,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;a persuasive case for a manufacturing policy remains to be made,&lt;/b&gt;while that for many other economic policies is well established.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Probably one of the worst articles I’ve ever read. If I had to greed you on content quality of thought and situations you get an F and that would be generous. Considering your pay grade you should be able to site-specific incidents that support your vacuous and airy theories. You haven't added anything new to the conversation. No new ideas no experienced based suggestions. Essentially you are like a cheap consulting firm telling the watchmaker how to wind his watch. My suggestion as a lower echelon peon is to give your subject matter some thought and consideration. Come with a well thought out article that comes up with something that is new fresh and makes sense! With all of your degrees and accolades give them something to be proud of! Let them be able to point to you and say, Hum now here stands a giant in her field!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NZIsNakIixc/Ty6UV6QRCpI/AAAAAAAADeE/-DbHRnkOF-w/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.29.06+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="253" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NZIsNakIixc/Ty6UV6QRCpI/AAAAAAAADeE/-DbHRnkOF-w/s320/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.29.06+AM.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;You ain't making the grade honey! And guess what. Romney won’t have any place for losers like you next election!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Christina D. Romer is an economics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;the chairwoman of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(She stepped down prior to being fired)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2927131442511299438-8246549678045660185?l=theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/feeds/8246549678045660185/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/2012/02/who-is-christina-d-romer-another-obama.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2927131442511299438/posts/default/8246549678045660185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2927131442511299438/posts/default/8246549678045660185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://theconservativethinkers.blogspot.com/2012/02/who-is-christina-d-romer-another-obama.html' title='Who is Christina D. Romer? (Another Obama Looser!)'/><author><name>The Conservative Thinker</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12915496826303137212</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-proLb4l-yKE/TXosJ5zbd5I/AAAAAAAABZk/OYGnfwpC490/s220/ME%2BAND%2BJOE%2BTHE%2BPLUMBER.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wfN5Clfkbkw/Ty6TK0SrJmI/AAAAAAAADdk/cBQYFKQVvnw/s72-c/Screen+shot+2012-02-05+at+9.28.40+AM.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2927131442511299438.post-6719175143924851161</id><published>2012-02-04T06:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-04T06:39:43.060-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Just who is Barack Obama?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;It's hard to say who he is.&lt;br /&gt;Even harder to find out about his history!&lt;br /&gt;What do you say about a President who's first executive order is to seal his past?&lt;br /&gt;Who has hit squads threatening legal action if you try to&amp;nbsp;out him.&lt;br /&gt;Who is obsessed with shutting down Fox News and Talk Radio.&lt;br /&gt;Who biggest fear is Rush Limbaugh?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3rui4S_ScM8/Ty1Ca952EKI/AAAAAAAADdc/bGvkN6_LPHw/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-07-26+at+7.56.16+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3rui4S_ScM8/Ty1Ca952EKI/AAAAAAAADdc/bGvkN6_LPHw/s400/Screen+shot+2011-07-26+at+7.56.16+AM.png" width="258" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well It might be hard to pull it together in one spot, but we are going to try and outline who he is.&lt;br /&gt;Barack has a God given gift of being anything you want him to be.&lt;br /&gt;Liberals, Socialists and guilty Americans pinned on him their hopes and fears and guilt.&lt;br /&gt;He was to be the new Messiah, but was or is he?&lt;br /&gt;In politics lying is a gift you need to make it and stay in.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact politics is one of the only professions where lying is free of legal charges.&lt;br /&gt;It's actively promoted taught and produced by the media in the vein of "The ends justify the means".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to understand Obama and his quest you have to turn down the volume and look into his past.&lt;br /&gt;There are patterns.&lt;br /&gt;He needs to get elected to further his desire to change America.&lt;br /&gt;If he wins again, Well look at places like Czechoslovakia&amp;nbsp;to see our future.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Personally I don't like him or what he stands for.&lt;br /&gt;America always needs tweaking, but not transformation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anyone who was involved with science or Law knows about both sides of a story and the truth being somewhere in-between.&lt;br /&gt;I hope this review which I will continually update will reveal the true Obama the media is trying really hard to redefine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At least 1/2 of America is in the dark and completely politically illiterate.&lt;br /&gt;Take a look at Wisconsin ant especially the teachers unions.&lt;br /&gt;Look at how the teachers treated Christie in NJ. I'll supply links if you need to be reminded.&lt;br /&gt;that's whats teaching our future leaders.&lt;br /&gt;React and don't question.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Obama might be the best thing that happened to America. As Michale Savage said in the title of his book,&lt;br /&gt;You have to know the "Enemy With in".&lt;br /&gt;I suggest you question everything and start looking into history.&lt;br /&gt;It's your future at stake!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We'll list his socialist background&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="right" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="12" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;div style="word-wrap: break-word;"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 26px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #7d7d7d; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_(disambiguation)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Barak (disambiguation)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Obama (disambiguation)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;. For the Kenyan economist, President Obama's father, see&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama,_Sr." style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Barack Obama, Sr.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" height="20" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.1&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="20" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" height="14" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.2&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" height="299" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.3&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;44th&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;President of the United States&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Incumbent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Assumed office&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;January 20, 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vice President&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Joe Biden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Preceded by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;United States Senator&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Illinois&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;In office&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;January 3, 2005&amp;nbsp;– November 16, 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Preceded by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Peter Fitzgerald&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Succeeded by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Burris" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Roland Burris&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate#Members_of_the_Illinois_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Member of the&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Illinois Senate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;from the 13th District&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;In office&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;January 8, 1997&amp;nbsp;– November 4, 2004&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Preceded by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Alice Palmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Succeeded by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Kwame Raoul&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 235px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Personal details&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Born&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barack Hussein Obama II&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;August 4, 1961 (age&amp;nbsp;50)&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Honolulu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Hawaii&lt;/a&gt;, U.S.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Political party&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Democratic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Spouse(s)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Michelle Robinson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;(1992–present)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Children&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Malia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(born 1998)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Sasha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(born 2001)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Residence&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;White House&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;(Official)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Chicago&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Illinois&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;(Private)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alma mater&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Occidental College&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Columbia University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;B.A.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Harvard Law School&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;J.D.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Profession&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Community organizer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Lawyer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Constitutional law&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;professor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Author&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Christianity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Signature&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signature.svg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png" height="31" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.4&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="128" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 75px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Website&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 156px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.barackobama.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;barackobama.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="background-color: #99bbfa; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 32px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="30px-Barack-Obama-portrait-PD.jpeg" height="39" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.5&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="30" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="background-color: #99bbfa; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 197px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;This article is part of a series on&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; width: 239px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Background&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Illinois Senate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;US Senate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Political positions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Public image&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;2008 primaries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Obama–Biden campaign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"&gt;▪&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Transition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Inauguration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Electoral history&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Presidency&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Timeline '09&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2010)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;'10&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2011)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;'11&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2012)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;'12&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;First 100 days&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Nobel Peace Prize&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Re-election campaign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Barack Hussein Obama II&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;img alt="11px-Speakerlink.svg.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.6&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="11" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;bəˈrɑːk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;huːˈseɪn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;oʊˈbɑːmə&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; born August 4, 1961) is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;44th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;current&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;President of the United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. He is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;first&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;African American&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to hold the office. Obama previously served as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United States Senator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2008 presidential election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Born in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Honolulu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hawaii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama is a graduate of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Columbia University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Harvard Law School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where he was the president of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Harvard Law Review&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. He was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;community organizer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in Chicago before earning his&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;law degree&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. He worked as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;civil rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;attorney in Chicago and taught&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;constitutional law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of Chicago Law School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from 1992 to 2004.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;He&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;served three terms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;representing the 13th District in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Illinois Senate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from 1997 to 2004.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;incumbent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for a seat in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United States House of Representatives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004#Democratic_primary" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and his&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;keynote address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Democratic National Convention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in July 2004.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;He won&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;a close campaign&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;against&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hillary Rodham Clinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Republican&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;nominee&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;John McCain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and was&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;inaugurated as president&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on January 20, 2009. In October 2009, Obama was named the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2009 Nobel Peace Prize&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;laureate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;As president, Obama signed&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;economic stimulus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;legislation in the form of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Other domestic policy initiatives include the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Budget Control Act of 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In foreign policy, he&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;ended&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;war in Iraq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, increased troop levels in&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, signed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;New START&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;arms control treaty with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Russia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, ordered&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;US involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and ordered the military operation that&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;resulted in the death&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Osama bin Laden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In April 2011, Obama&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;declared his intention to seek re-election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;2012 presidential election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; width: 355px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contents&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;hide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;1 Early life and career&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;1.1 Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;1.2 University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;2 Legislative career: 1997–2008&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;2.1 State Senator: 1997–2004&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;2.2 U.S. Senate campaign&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;2.3 U.S. Senator: 2005–2008&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;2.3.1 Legislation&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;2.3.2 Committees&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;3 Presidential campaigns&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;3.1 2008 presidential campaign&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;3.2 2012 presidential campaign&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4 Presidency&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.1 First days&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.2 Domestic policy&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.2.1 Economic policy&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.2.2 Health care reform&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.2.3 Gulf of Mexico oil spill&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3 Foreign policy&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3.1 Iraq War&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3.2 War in Afghanistan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3.3 Israel&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3.4 Libya&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3.5 Osama bin Laden&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.3.6 Anwar al-Awlaki&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.4 2010 midterm election&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;4.5 Cultural and political image&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;5 Family and personal life&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: none;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;5.1 Religious views&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;5.2 Philanthropy&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;6 Notes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;7 References&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;8 Further reading&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;9 External links&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 19px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Early life and career&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Early life and career of Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity &amp;amp; Gynecological Hospital (now called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) in Honolulu, Hawaii,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[2][4][5]&lt;/span&gt;and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;His mother,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Stanley Ann Dunham&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, was born in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Wichita, Kansas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and was of mostly English ancestry,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;along with Scottish, Irish, German, and Swiss.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[8][9][10][11][12]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;His father,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama,_Sr." style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Barack Obama, Sr.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_(Kenya_and_Tanzania)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Luo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyang%E2%80%99oma_Kogelo" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Nyang’oma Kogelo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanza_Province" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Nyanza Province&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Colony" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Kenya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Russian language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;class at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[13][14]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The couple married on February 2, 1961,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;separated when Obama Sr. went to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Harvard University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on scholarship, and divorced in 1964.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;After her divorce, Dunham married&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Lolo Soetoro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, who was attending college in Hawaii.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;When&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Suharto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a military leader in Soetoro's home country,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;came to power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Menteng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;neighborhood of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[4][17]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Besuki Public School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and St. Francis of Assisi School.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Because of his childhood background, today Obama is quite popular in Indonesia.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Madelyn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Stanley Armour Dunham&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and with the aid of a scholarship he attended&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Punahou School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a private&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;college preparatory school&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, from the fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;anthropological&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;field worker.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ovarian cancer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[15][21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" height="146" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.7&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barack Obama and half-sister&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Maya Soetoro-Ng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, with their mother&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ann Dunham&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and grandfather&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Stanley Dunham&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, in Hawaii (early 1970s)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;multiracial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;heritage.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;marijuana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;cocaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;At the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Forum_on_the_Presidency" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama identified his high-school drug use as a great moral failure.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Following high school, Obama moved to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Los Angeles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1979 to attend&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Occidental College&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental's&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;disinvestment from South Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;due to its policy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;apartheid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Later in 1981, he transferred to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Columbia University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;New York City&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where he majored in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;political science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;with a specialty in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;international relations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and graduated with a&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Bachelor of Arts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1983. He worked for a year at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_International_Corporation" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Business International Corporation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;then at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;New York Public Interest Research Group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[30][31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KR-PtJWUw7A/Ty1BzbLAYMI/AAAAAAAADdE/9lscf3a4XlI/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-07-25+at+5.23.06+PM+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KR-PtJWUw7A/Ty1BzbLAYMI/AAAAAAAADdE/9lscf3a4XlI/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-07-25+at+5.23.06+PM+copy.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Developing Communities Project&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Roseland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;West Pullman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Riverdale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on Chicago's far&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;South Side&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[31][32]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Altgeld Gardens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Gamaliel Foundation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a community organizing institute.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;paternal relatives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for the first time.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He returned in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisumu" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Kisumu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in rural western Kenya.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In late 1988, Obama entered&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Harvard Law School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. He was selected as an editor of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Harvard Law Review&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the end of his first year,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and president of the journal in his second year.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[33][38]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;associate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the law firms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Sidley Austin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1989 and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hopkins &amp;amp; Sutter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1990.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;After graduating with a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;J.D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors#Types" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;magna cum laude&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama's election as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;first black president of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Harvard Law Review&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;gained national media attention&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[33][38]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dreams from My Father&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of Chicago Law School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to work on his first book.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[41][42]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He then served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;constitutional law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Vote" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Project Vote&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a voter registration drive with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Crain's Chicago Business&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 1993 he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill &amp;amp; Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;of counsel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Woods Fund of Chicago&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Foundation" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Joyce Foundation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He served on the board of directors of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Chicago Annenberg Challenge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LEyekMeRslE/Ty1B7HmZoxI/AAAAAAAADdM/ur1ZQHAc6DY/s1600/obama+constitution+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="332" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LEyekMeRslE/Ty1B7HmZoxI/AAAAAAAADdM/ur1ZQHAc6DY/s400/obama+constitution+copy.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 19px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Legislative career: 1997–2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;State Senator: 1997–2004&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was elected to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Illinois Senate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1996, succeeding State Senator&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Alice Palmer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hyde Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;–&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Kenwood&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;south to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;South Shore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and west to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Chicago Lawn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He sponsored a law increasing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;tax credits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election,_2000" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;U.S. House of Representatives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to four-term incumbent&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bobby Rush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by a margin of two to one.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;racial profiling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[48][53]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;death penalty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;reforms.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;U.S. Senate campaign&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds and lined up political media consultant&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Axelrod" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;David Axelrod&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by August 2002, and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was an early opponent of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;administration's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2003 invasion of Iraq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;joint resolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;authorizing the Iraq War,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;anti-Iraq War rally&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and spoke out against the war.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="170px-2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg.png" height="303" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.9&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Illinois_Senate_results.svg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;County results of the 2004 US Senate race in Illinois. Counties in blue were won by Obama.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Decisions by Republican incumbent&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Peter Fitzgerald&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and his Democratic predecessor&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Carol Moseley Braun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)#Current_structure_and_composition" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;national Democratic Party&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dreams from My Father&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2004 Democratic National Convention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;seen by 9.1&amp;nbsp;million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Jack Ryan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, withdrew from the race in June 2004.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Six weeks later,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Alan Keyes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;November 2004 general election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama won with 70&amp;nbsp;percent of the vote.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pq1KsoRKt4o/Ty1CA5WkZiI/AAAAAAAADdU/o6UyNupN9go/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-10-04+at+11.38.02+AM+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="298" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pq1KsoRKt4o/Ty1CA5WkZiI/AAAAAAAADdU/o6UyNupN9go/s320/Screen+shot+2011-10-04+at+11.38.02+AM+copy.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;U.S. Senator: 2005–2008&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;United States Senate career of Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;becoming the only Senate member of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Congressional Black Caucus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;CQ Weekly&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;lame-duck&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Legislation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;See also:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama cosponsored the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;concept to conventional weapons;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which authorized the establishment of&lt;a href="http://USAspending.gov/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;USAspending.gov&lt;/a&gt;, a web search engine on federal spending.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tom Carper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coburn" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tom Coburn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;John McCain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Regarding&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;tort reform&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama voted for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Class Action Fairness Act of 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;FISA Amendments Act of 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_controversy" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;NSA warrantless wiretapping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;operations.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Democratic Republic of the Congo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Honest Leadership and Open Government Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which was signed into law in September 2007.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama also introduced&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;neither of which has been signed into law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He sponsored the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Iran Sanctions Enabling Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;State Children's Health Insurance Program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[86]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Committees&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Foreign Relations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Environment and Public Works&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Veterans' Affairs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;through December 2006.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[87]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Health, Education, Labor and Pensions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[88]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_European_Affairs" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;European Affairs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[89]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Mahmoud Abbas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;before Abbas became&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;President&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Palestinian Authority&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and gave a speech at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of Nairobi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;condemning corruption within the Kenyan government.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[90]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 19px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Presidential campaigns&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;2008 presidential campaign&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;United States presidential election, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama stands on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Springfield, Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, February 10, 2007.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Old State Capitol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;building in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Springfield, Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[91][92]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Abraham Lincoln&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;delivered his historic&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;"House Divided"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;speech in 1858.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[91][93]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Iraq War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, increasing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;energy independence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and providing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care#United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;universal health care&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[94]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in a campaign that projected themes of "hope" and "change".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[95]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama08acceptance.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Obama delivers&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;his presidential election victory speech&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in Chicago's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Grant Park&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;A large number of candidates entered the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Democratic Party presidential primaries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hillary Rodham Clinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;delegates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;caucus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[96]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[97]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On August 23, Obama announced his selection of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Delaware&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Senator&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Joe Biden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as his vice presidential running mate.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[98]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Governor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Indiana Governor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Senator&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bayh" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Evan Bayh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Governor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Virginia Governor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tim Kaine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[99]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;At the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Democratic National Convention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bill Clinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;gave convention speeches in support of Obama.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[100]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Invesco Field at Mile High&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to a crowd of over 75,000 and presented his policy goals; the speech was viewed by over 38&amp;nbsp;million people worldwide.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[101][102]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[103]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;public financing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the general election since the system was created in 1976.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[104]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;presidential debates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in September and October 2008.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[105]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;electoral votes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to 173 received by McCain.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[106]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama won 52.9% of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;popular vote&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to McCain's 45.7%.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[107]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He became the first African American to be elected president.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[108]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama delivered&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;his victory speech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Grant Park&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[109]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;2012 presidential campaign&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;United States presidential election, 2012&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Federal Election Commission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[110][111][112]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 19px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Presidency&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Presidency of Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;See also:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;First days&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; width: 40px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img alt="40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" height="23" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.10&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="40" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; width: 160px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Wikinews has related news:&lt;a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_elected_44th_President_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Barack Obama elected 44th President of the United States&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;inauguration of Barack Obama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as the 44th President, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Joe Biden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as Vice President, took place on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;January 20, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In his first few days in office Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Iraq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[113]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;He ordered the closing of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Guantanamo Bay detention camp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;"as soon as practicable and no later than" January 2010,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[114]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;but during his first two years in office he has been unable to persuade Congress to appropriate funds required to accomplish the shutdown.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[115][116][117]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[118]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Freedom of Information Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[119]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;He also reversed George W. Bush's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[120]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Domestic policy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;The first bill signed into law by Obama was the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, relaxing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;statute of limitations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for equal-pay lawsuits.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[121]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;State Children's Health Insurance Program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(SCHIP) to cover an additional 4&amp;nbsp;million children currently uninsured.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[122]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;embryonic stem cell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;research. Obama stated that he believed "sound science and moral values&amp;nbsp;... are not inconsistent" and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[123]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Sonia Sotomayor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Associate Justice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;David Souter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[124]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;becoming the first&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hispanic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to be a Supreme Court Justice.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[125]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Elena Kagan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;John Paul Stevens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[126]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_George_H._W._Bush_at_Texas_A%26M_University.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;President Obama with former President&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;George H. W. Bush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the "Point of Light" forum in Texas in 2009. Obama would award Bush the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Medal of Freedom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 2011.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[127]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;global warming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[128][129]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd,_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a measure that expands the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;1969 United States federal hate-crime law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;gender&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;sexual orientation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;gender identity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;disability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[130][131]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;reconciliation bill&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Pell Grant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[132][133]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;major space policy speech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;NASA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;human spaceflight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;moon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and ended development of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ares I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;rocket,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_V" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ares V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;rocket and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Constellation program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. He is focusing funding (which is expected to rise modestly) on Earth science projects and a new rocket type, as well as research and development for an eventual manned mission to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Mars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Missions to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;International Space Station&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are expected to continue until 2020.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[134]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a bill that provides for repeal of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Don't ask, don't tell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;policy of 1993 that has prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United States Armed Forces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[135]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Repealing "Don't ask, don't tell" had been a key campaign promise that Obama had made during the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2008 presidential campaign&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[136][137]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On January 25, 2011, in his&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2011 State of the Union Address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, President Obama focused strongly on the themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_economics" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;innovation economics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in working to make the United States more competitive globally. Among other plans and goals, Obama spoke of enacting a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and tax cuts for the wealthiest two percent of Americans, banning congressional&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;earmarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and reducing healthcare costs. Looking to the future, Obama promised that by 2015, the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road and by 2035, clean-energy sources would be providing 80 percent of U.S. electricity.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[138][139]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Economic policy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a $787&amp;nbsp;billion&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;economic stimulus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;package aimed at helping the economy recover from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;deepening worldwide recession&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[140]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentive" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;incentives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and direct assistance to individuals,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[141]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;which is being distributed over the course of several years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" height="124" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.11&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;President Barack Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009 in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Denver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Colorado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Vice President&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Joe Biden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;stands behind him.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Timothy Geithner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, took further steps to manage the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_financial_crisis" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;financial crisis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, including introducing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which contains provisions for buying up to $2&amp;nbsp;trillion in depreciated real estate assets.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[142]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama intervened in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;troubled automotive industry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[143]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in March 2009, renewing loans for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;General Motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Chrysler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;sale of Chrysler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to Italian automaker&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Fiat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[144]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;reorganization of GM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12% stake.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[145]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[146]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He signed into law the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Car Allowance Rebate System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[147][148][149]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Private_sector_jobs_dec.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="400px-Private_sector_jobs_dec.jpg" height="292" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.12&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Private Sector Payroll Employment (Dec 07-Dec 11).&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[150]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5&amp;nbsp;trillion, only $3&amp;nbsp;trillion had actually been spent by the end of November 2009.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[151]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, Obama and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Congressional Budget Office&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;predicted that the 2010&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;budget deficit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will be $1.5&amp;nbsp;trillion or 10.6% of the nation's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;gross domestic product&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4&amp;nbsp;trillion or 9.9% of GDP.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[152][153]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34&amp;nbsp;trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53&amp;nbsp;trillion or 80% of GDP.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[154]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The most recent increase in the U.S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_ceiling" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;debt ceiling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to $14.3&amp;nbsp;trillion was signed into law on February 12, 2010.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[155]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Budget Control Act of 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5&amp;nbsp;trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2&amp;nbsp;trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[156]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent an unprecedented&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;U.S. government&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;default&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on its obligations.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[157]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[158]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[159]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a 1.6% pace, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[160]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[160]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In July 2010, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Federal Reserve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;expressed that although economic activity continued to increase, its pace had slowed and its Chairman,&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ben Bernanke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, stated that the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[161]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[162]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Congressional Budget Office&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[163][164]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1&amp;nbsp;million,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[164][165][166][&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;167]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[168]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Although an April 2010 survey of members of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;National Association for Business Economics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of the 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[169]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Within a month of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2010 midterm elections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2001 and 2003 income tax rates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a one-year&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;payroll tax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;estate taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[170]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[171]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Health care reform&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Health care reform in the United States&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" height="147" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.13&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barack Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" height="232" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.14&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;federal poverty level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014. (Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;CRS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama called for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Congress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to pass legislation reforming&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;health care in the United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[172]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900&amp;nbsp;billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;public option&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;health care&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existing_condition" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;pre-existing conditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[173][174]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[172]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;a speech to a joint session of Congress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on September 9 where he addressed concerns over his administration's proposals.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[175]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on stem cell research.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[176]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[177][178]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[179]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[180]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[181]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Medicaid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;eligibility for people making up to 133% of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;federal poverty level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(FPL) starting in 2014,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[182]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400% of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[183][184]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;health insurance exchanges&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;federal poverty level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[183][185]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;The costs of these provisions are offset by a variety of taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;brackets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, taxes on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;indoor tanning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, cuts to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Advantage" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Medicare Advantage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[186]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[187]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[188]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gulf of Mexico oil spill&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;drilling rig&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Macondo Prospect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Gulf of Mexico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, causing a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;major sustained oil leak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The well's operator,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;BP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_well" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;relief wells&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22 he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Secretary of the Interior&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ken Salazar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[189]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[190]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Foreign policy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="180px-Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg" height="299" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.15&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Cairo_University_cropped.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barack Obama speaking on "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;A New Beginning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;" at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Cairo University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on June 4, 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg" height="147" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.16&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;President Obama with Chinese President&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hu Jintao&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_Pittsburgh_summit" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2009 Pittsburgh G-20 Summit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" height="147" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.17&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;British Prime Minister David Cameron and Barack Obama, during the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G-20_Toronto_summit" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2010 G-20 Toronto summit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Secretary of State&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[191]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Al Arabiya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[192]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[193]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[194]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Turkey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which was well received by many Arab governments.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[195]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Cairo University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in Egypt calling for "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;a new beginning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[196]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Iran's 2009 presidential election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[197]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[198]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;preside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;over a meeting of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United Nations Security Council&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[199]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Prime Minister&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Benjamin Netanyahu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;East Jerusalem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[200][201]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Russian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;President&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Dmitry Medvedev&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to replace the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[202]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;New START&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;U.S. Senate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in December 2010.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[203]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Iraq War&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;combat operations in Iraq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Marines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[204]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;counter-terrorism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[205][206]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[207]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be, "home for the holidays".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[208]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;War in Afghanistan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;War in Afghanistan (2001–present)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[209]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[210]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._McKiernan" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;David D. McKiernan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, with former&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Special Forces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;commander Lt. Gen.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Stanley A. McChrystal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[211]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[212]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[213][214]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;McChrystal was replaced by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;David Petraeus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[215]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Israel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" height="147" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.18&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama meeting with Israeli President&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Shimon Peres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including a record number of U.S. troops participating in military exercises in the country, increased military aid, and the re-establishment of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the Defense Policy Advisory Group. It was reported high-ranking defense officials from both countries had been making an unusual number of trips between the two countries, including&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ehud Barak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Part of the military aid increase in 2010 was to fund Israel's missile defense shield. Before his retirement in September 2011, Adm. Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, made four trips to Israel during his four-year tenure, two of them in 2010. Prior to 2007 no Chairman of the Joint Chiefs had done so for over ten years.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[216]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In 2011, Obama's Ambassador to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United Nations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;vetoed a resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the U.S. the only nation on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Security Council&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;doing so.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[217]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Like previous American presidential administrations, Obama supports the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;two-state solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Israeli_conflict" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Arab-Israeli conflict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[218]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Libya&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;2011 military intervention in Libya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In March 2011, as forces loyal to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Muammar Gaddafi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;advanced on rebels across Libya, formal calls for a no-fly zone came in from around the world, including Europe, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Arab League&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and a resolution&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[219]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[220]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In response to the unanimous passage of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the citizens of Benghazi&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[221]&lt;/span&gt;—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[222]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[223]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities in order to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[224]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;including the use of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_missile" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tomahawk missiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;B-2 Spirits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and fighter jets.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[225][226][227]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;NATO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;took over leadership of the effort, dubbed&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Operation Unified Protector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[228]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Some Representatives&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[229]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[230][231]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" height="147" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.19&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama and the U.S. national security team gathered in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Situation Room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to monitor the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;military operation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;resulting in the death of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; width: 50px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img alt="50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" height="50" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.20&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="50" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; width: 220px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;President Obama announces the death of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: silver; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="play.png" height="22" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.21&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="22" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #aaaaaa; color: #aaaaaa; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; width: 282px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Problems listening to this file? See&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;media help&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 11px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; width: 38px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img alt="38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" height="40" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.22&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="38" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.5px; margin-left: 0.5px; margin-right: 0.5px; margin-top: 0.5px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; width: 162px;" valign="middle"&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Wikisource&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;has original text related to this article:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_Bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Remarks by the President on Osama Bin Laden&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Osama bin Laden&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Death of Osama bin Laden&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;See also:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Situation_Room_(photograph)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Situation Room (photograph)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Osama bin Laden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;a large compound&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Abbottabad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Islamabad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[232]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;CIA head&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Leon Panetta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[232]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;United States Navy SEALs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[232]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;death of bin Laden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[233][234]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[235]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and buried at sea several hours later.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[236]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ground Zero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Times Square&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[233][237]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Reaction to the announcement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was positive across party lines, including from former Presidents&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bill Clinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[238]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and from many countries around the world.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[239]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anwar al-Awlaki&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Anwar al-Awlaki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;was killed in an American drone attack in Yemen on September 30, 2011.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[240]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Two weeks later Al-Awlaki's 16 year old son, Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, a U.S. citizen who was born in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Denver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, was also killed by a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;CIA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;-led drone strike in Yemen.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[241][242][243]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nasser al-Awlaki, the father of Anwar, made an audio recording condemning the killings of his son and grandson as senseless murders.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[244]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In it, he described Obama with the following quote;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;"I urge the American people to bring the killers to justice. I urge them to expose the hypocrisy of the 2009 Nobel Prize laureate. To some, he may be that. To me and my family, he is nothing more than a child killer."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[245]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;2010 midterm election&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama called the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;November 2, 2010 election&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;the Democratic Party lost 63 seats&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;in, and control of, the House of Representatives,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[246]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;"humbling" and&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;a "shellacking".&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[247]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[248]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cultural and political image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" height="158" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.23&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;President&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;George W. Bush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;invited then-President-elect Barack Obama and former Presidents&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;George H. W. Bush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bill Clinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Jimmy Carter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to a meeting in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Oval Office&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on January 7, 2009.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Public image of Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;See also:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_media_reaction_to_Barack_Obama%27s_2008_election" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;International media reaction to Barack Obama's 2008 election&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama's family history, early life and upbringing, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ivy League&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;civil rights movement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[249]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama is also not a descendant of American slaves.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[250]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;National Association of Black Journalists&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[251]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[252]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[253]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[254]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="mid-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg" height="484" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.24&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="860" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: silver; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img alt="play.png" height="22" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.21&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="22" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama presents his first&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;weekly address&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;According to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;the Gallup Organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[255]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[256]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;a trend similar to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Ronald Reagan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;'s and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bill Clinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;'s first years in office.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[257]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[258][259][260]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[261]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and before being elected President he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;British Prime Minister&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tony Blair&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[262]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Italy's&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Democratic Party&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;leader and then&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Mayor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of Rome&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Veltroni" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Walter Veltroni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[263]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;French President&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Nicolas Sarkozy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[264]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In a February 2009 poll conducted by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Interactive" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Harris Interactive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;France 24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;International Herald Tribune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[265]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[266][267]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama won&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Best Spoken Word Album&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Grammy Awards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for abridged&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;audiobook&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;versions of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dreams from My Father&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in February 2006 and for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Audacity of Hope&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in February 2008.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[268]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;His&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;concession speech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_We_Can" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Yes We Can&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;", which was viewed 10&amp;nbsp;million times on YouTube in its first month&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[269]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and received a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Daytime Emmy Award&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[270]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In December 2008,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;magazine named Obama as its&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Person of the Year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[271]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On October 9, 2009, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Norwegian Nobel Committee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;announced that Obama had won the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2009 Nobel Peace Prize&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[272]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama accepted this award in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Oslo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[273]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[274][275]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 19px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Family and personal life&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obamas_at_White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll_4-13-09_2.JPG" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="220px-Obamas_at_White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll_4-13-09_2.JPG.jpg" height="124" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.25&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obamas_at_White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll_4-13-09_2.JPG" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&amp;amp;ik=76c22c7624&amp;amp;view=att&amp;amp;th=135489710cc538ba&amp;amp;attid=0.1.8&amp;amp;disp=emb&amp;amp;zw" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barack Obama with his family and a costumed&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Bunny" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Easter Bunny&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, as they wave from the South Portico of the White House to guests attending the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;White House Easter Egg Roll&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;extended family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Mac" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bernie Mac&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and I've got relatives who look like&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Margaret Thatcher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[276]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Maya Soetoro-Ng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family&amp;nbsp;– six of them living.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[277]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[278]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;until her death on November 2, 2008,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[279]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[280]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Dreams from My Father&lt;/i&gt;, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Native American&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ancestors and distant relatives of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Jefferson Davis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;President of the Confederate States of America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;during the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;American Civil War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[281]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[282]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Besides his native English, Obama&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_languages_spoken" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;speaks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;at the conversational level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[283]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[284]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama is a well known supporter of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Chicago White Sox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and threw out the first pitch at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_ALCS" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;2005 ALCS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;when he was still a senator.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[285]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;all star game&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;while wearing a White Sox jacket.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[286]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;He is also primarily a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Chicago Bears&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;fan in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;NFL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but in his childhood and adolesence was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_Nation" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;fan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Pittsburgh Steelers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and recently rooted for them ahead of their victory in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Super Bowl XLIII&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;12 days after Obama took office as President.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[287]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In June 1989, Obama met&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Michelle Robinson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Sidley Austin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[288]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[289]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[290]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[291]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[292]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Obama daughters attended the private&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;University of Chicago Laboratory Schools&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Sidwell Friends School&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[293]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Obamas have a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Portuguese Water Dog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;named&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_(dog)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Bo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[294]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Hyde Park, Chicago&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;condominium to a $1.6&amp;nbsp;million house in neighboring&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Kenwood, Chicago&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[295]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rezko" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Tony Rezko&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[296]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In December 2007,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Money&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[297]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5&amp;nbsp;million—up from about $4.2&amp;nbsp;million in 2007 and $1.6&amp;nbsp;million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[298][299]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;nicotine replacement therapy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[300][301]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religious views&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama referrs to himself as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Christian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Audacity of Hope&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;black churches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;community organizer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[302]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In an interview with the evangelical periodical&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Christianity Today&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[303]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;"I'm a Christian by choice.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[304][305]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama was baptized at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Trinity United Church of Christ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liberation_theology" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;black liberation church&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[306]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;controversial statements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;made by Rev.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Jeremiah Wright&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;became public.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[307]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Camp David&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[308]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Philanthropy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama makes regular donations to charitable organizations. On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Fisher House Foundation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;[309][310]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;______________________________&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;_________&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 19px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 11px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Notes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"President Barack Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Certification of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 PM, Honolulu"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Department of Health, State of Hawaii&lt;/i&gt;. The White House. April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"American President: Barack Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Charlottesville, Va.: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"The Truth about Barack's Faith"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Obama for America. Retrieved April 8, 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/36287446/Www-barackobama-com-Factcheck-2007-11-12-Obama-Has-Never" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Obama has never been a Muslim, and is a committed Christian"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Organizing for America-Scribd cached. November 12, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Finding his faith"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://Newsweek.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Newsweek.com&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Associated Press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://msnbc.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;msnbc.com&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;News&lt;/i&gt;. Cleveland: United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Obama's find a church home—away from home"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved February 5, 2010. ". . . instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "... Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Honolulu Advertiser&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011. "at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)&lt;/i&gt;. NPR. Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on Jan. 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ewen MacAskill in Washington and Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/20/obama-irish-roots-european-tour" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Guardian&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London). Retrieved 2011-08-03.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/us-obama-ireland-idUSTRE74M09F20110523" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama visits family roots in Ireland"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Reuters. Retrieved 2011-08-03.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7838208.stm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Obama urged to create own tartan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. BBC News&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Researchers: Obama has German roots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. USATODAY.com]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Honorary_citizenship_papers_sent_to_Obama.html?cid=17963746" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Honorary citizenship papers sent to Obama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. swissinfo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1 (Tempo). Retrieved March 27, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The story of Barack Obama's mother"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 9, 2007. (online)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The EastAfrican&lt;/i&gt;. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The ghost of a father"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Karana, Kinanti Pinta (December 9, 2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/statue-of-us-president-barack-obama-to-be-unveiled-in-jakarta-park/346178" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Statue of a young Obama to watch over Indonesian capital"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Jakarta Globe&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved December 8, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pickler, Nedra (January 24, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371_pf.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama debunks claim about Islamic school"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press. Retrieved December 31, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/10/content_12624443.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Statue of boy Obama erected in Jakarta"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://Xinhuanet.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Xinhuanet.com&lt;/a&gt;. December 10, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Wong, Kristina (2009-07-23).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=8155223&amp;amp;page=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Poll: Obama's Popularity Lifts U.S. Global Image"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. ABC News. Retrieved 2011-12-27.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Honolulu Star-Bulletin&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved March 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved November 18, 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/11/29/obama-president-indonesia.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama for President... of Indonesia"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Jakarta Post&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved June 25, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's peers didn't see his angst"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Los Angeles Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A20. Retrieved March 13, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Honolulu Star-Bulletin&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved February 10, 2007. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/11/21/obama_gets_blunt_with_nh_students" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press: p.&amp;nbsp;8A. Retrieved January 4, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama offers more variations from the norm"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A21. Retrieved October 29, 2006.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved January 14, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Los Angeles Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;B1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Activism blossomed in college"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;20. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (May 15, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Small college awakened future senator to service"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://FactCheck.org/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;FactCheck.org&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved May 12, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Remnick, David (2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.&amp;nbsp;98–112.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISBN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;978-1-4000-4360-6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Barack Obama '83"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Columbia College Today&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0572-7820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved October 1, 2006.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama, Barack (1998).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Curriculum vitae"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2006.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1A. Retrieved August 6, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/products/WAprodinfo.asp" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Who's Who in America, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. p.&amp;nbsp;3468.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISBN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;978-0-8379-7011-0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved June 6, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New Republic&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;236&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(12): 22–26, 28–29.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0028-6583&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved August 21, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Portrait of a pragmatist"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved April 8, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"A Law Review breakthrough"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Corr, John (February 27, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&amp;amp;p_theme=pi&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_trackval=PI&amp;amp;s_search_type=customized&amp;amp;s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=Author&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=_rank_:D&amp;amp;xcal_ranksort=4&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=yes" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"From mean streets to hallowed halls"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Philadelphia Inquirer&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city".&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Illinois Issues&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(8–9): 40–42.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0738-9663&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. reprinted in:&lt;br /&gt;Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois&lt;/i&gt;. Springfield, Ill.: Sangamon State University. pp.&amp;nbsp;35–40.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISBN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620873-3-5" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;0-9620873-3-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. "He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gnecchi, Nico (February 27, 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080321161040/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Voice of America. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on March 21, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"At Harvard Law, a unifying voice"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"In law school, Obama found political voice"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"A series of fortunate events"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-07/news/9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;3. Retrieved October 29, 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Los Angeles Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_11791.shtml" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Black Issues in Higher Education&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-0277" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0742-0277&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&amp;amp;p_theme=realcities2&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_site=miami&amp;amp;s_trackval=MH&amp;amp;s_dispstring=Title(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)%20AND%20date(04/18/1990%20to%2004/18/1990)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=04/18/1990%20to%2004/18/1990)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=_rank_:D&amp;amp;xcal_ranksort=4&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=yes" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Law Review's first black president aims to help poor"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Miami Herald&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press: p.&amp;nbsp;C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Barack Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Guardian&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London). Retrieved October 26, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The story of Obama, written by Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Merriner, James L. (June 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&amp;amp;si=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The friends of O"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;57&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(6): 74–79, 97–99.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0362-4595&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved January 30, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Zengerle, Jason (July 30, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&amp;amp;p=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New Republic&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;239&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 7–8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0028-6583&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved January 30, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Taking professor Obama's class"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved January 30, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Case study"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times Magazine&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;76. Retrieved January 30, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-mxa0322magazineobamapg6mar22,0,4802888,full.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Ivory tower of power"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune Magazine&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;6. Retrieved January 30, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Statement regarding Barack Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/was_barack_obama_really_a_constitutional_law.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://FactCheck.org/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;FactCheck.org&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved June 10, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's 20 years of experience"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://PolitiFact.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;PolitiFact.com&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved June 10, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;White, Jesse (ed.) (2000).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Secretary of State. p.&amp;nbsp;83.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;OCLC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43923973" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;43923973&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on April 16, 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"'Project Vote' brings power to the people"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Sun-Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;23. Retrieved June 6, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Vote of confidence"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;42&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1): 53–54.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4595" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0362-4595&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved June 6, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Anderson, Veronica (September 27&amp;nbsp;– October 3 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote".&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Crain's Chicago Business&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;16&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(39): 43.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISSN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6956" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;0149-6956&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama got start in civil rights practice"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_dispstring=(Pallasch)%20AND%20date(12/17/2007%20to%2012/17/2007)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=12/17/2007%20to%2012/17/2007)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Sun-Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's law days effective but brief"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Los Angeles Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A14. Retrieved February 14, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"People"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;9 (Business). June 27, 1993. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Business appointments"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago-Sun-Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;40. July 5, 1993. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Ripley, Amanda (November 3, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's ascent"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved February 13, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"About us"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Miner, Barnhill &amp;amp; Galland&amp;nbsp;– Chicago, Illinois. 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's Chicago"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1 (Tempo). Retrieved February 13, 2010. "Step 9: Lawyering. The law offices of Miner Barnhill &amp;amp; Galland - Obama joined this tiny, liberal and politically powerful firm of about a dozen lawyers, specializing in civil rights cases and then known as Davis Miner Barnhill &amp;amp; Galland.".&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jackson, David; Ray Long (April 3, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved January 14, 2008.&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_White_(politician)" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;White, Jesse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2001).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002&lt;/i&gt;. Springfield:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Illinois Secretary of State&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. p.&amp;nbsp;65. Retrieved 2011-07-16. State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 &amp;amp; 26.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also:&lt;a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;CBS News&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1 (Business). Retrieved June 1, 2008.Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (April 18, 2001).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved June 1, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"13th District: Barack Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on April 12, 2000. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"13th District: Barack Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on August 2, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results&amp;nbsp;– Illinois"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Federal Election Commission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 24, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Gonyea, Dan (September 19, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved January 30, 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"How Obama Learned to Be a Natural"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Salon&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Wolffe, Richard; Daren Briscoe (July 16, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Across the Divide"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Newsweek&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama learned from failed Congress run"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved November 15, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&amp;amp;p_theme=adhb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate&amp;amp;s_dispstring=Profiling,%20taping%20plans%20pass%20Senate%20AND%20date(4/4/2003%20to%204/4/2003)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=4/4/2003%20to%204/4/2003)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Profiling, taping plans pass Senate"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Daily Herald&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;17. Retrieved June 1, 2008.Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;8. Retrieved June 1, 2008.Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1 (Metro). Retrieved June 1, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Youngman, Sam; Aaron Blake (March 14, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals-2007-03-13.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Hill&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also:&lt;a href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;International Herald Tribune&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Associated Press. HPKCC. Retrieved April 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Early defeat launched a rapid political climb"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1A. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Opposition to war mounts"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Defender&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The White House. Retrieved February 18, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"War protesters gentler, but passion still burns"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"War with Iraq undermines U.N"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Defender&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved October 28, 2008. "Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Five years since our first action"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Chicagoans Against War &amp;amp; Injustice. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&amp;amp;p_theme=adhb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&amp;amp;s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&amp;amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;amp;p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"300 attend rally against Iraq war"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;8. Retrieved October 28, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://BarackObama.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;BarackObama.com&lt;/a&gt;. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on January 30, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;McCormick, John (October 3, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&amp;amp;FMT=ABS&amp;amp;FMTS=ABS:FT" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;7. Retrieved October 28, 2008. "The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Sun-Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;26. Retrieved October 28, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;amp;p_action=search&amp;amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;amp;s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)&amp;amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;amp;p_perpage=10&amp;amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;amp;xcal_useweights=no" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Anti-war rally here draws thousands"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(paid archive).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Sun-Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;3. Retrieved February 3, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The White House. Retrieved February 18, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060514152430/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;19. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on May 14, 2006. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mendell, David (March 17, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/technology/chi-0403170332mar17,0,6048572.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved March 1, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Davey, Monica (March 18, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A20. Retrieved March 1, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Howlett, Debbie (March 19, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A04. Retrieved March 1, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Scheiber, Noam (May 31, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New Republic&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;230&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(20): 21–22, 24–26 (cover story). Retrieved March 24, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Finnegan, William (May 31, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New Yorker&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;20&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(14): 32–38. Retrieved March 24, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Dionne Jr., E. J. (June 25, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"In Illinois, a star prepares"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A29. Retrieved March 24, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The story of Obama, written by Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved January 9, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bernstein, David (June 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Speech"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Magazine&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Newsweek&lt;/i&gt;: pp.&amp;nbsp;48–51. August 2, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Samuel, Terence (August 2, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;U.S. News &amp;amp; World Report&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;25. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Lizza, Ryan (September 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Natural. Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Atlantic Monthly&lt;/i&gt;: pp.&amp;nbsp;30, 33. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Davey, Monica (July 26, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved November 25, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Leibovich, Mark (July 27, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The other man of the hour"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;C1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Milligan, Susan (July 27, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"In Obama, Democrats see their future"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;B8. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on June 24, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Broder, David S. (July 28, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Bing, Jonathan; McClintock, Pamela (July 29, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html?categoryid=1077&amp;amp;cs=1" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Auds resist charms of Dem stars"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Daily Variety&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Union-Tribune&lt;/i&gt;. Associated Press (San Diego). Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. CNN. 2005. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;A3. Retrieved April 13, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Chase, John; Mendell, David (November 3, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama scores a record landslide"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;1. Retrieved April 3, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Fornek, Scott (November 3, 2004).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Sun-Times&lt;/i&gt;: p.&amp;nbsp;6. Retrieved April 3, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=o000167" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Barack Obama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Biographical Directory of the United States Congress&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved October 12, 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Member Info"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Congressional Black Caucus. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on July 9, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Reuters&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved March 10, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Sidoti, Liz (November 13, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc." style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;Time Inc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved November 22, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033:" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Thomas. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:Lugar, Richard G.; Barack Obama (December 3, 2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Junkyard Dogs of War"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;McCormack, John (December 21, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Google Government Gone Viral"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Weekly Standard&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&amp;amp;ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&amp;amp;ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008. and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.USAspending.gov/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;USAspending.gov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s110-3077" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://Govtrack.us/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;Govtrack.us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 2007–2008 (110th Congress)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fisher, Daniel (August 11, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"November Election A Lawyer's Delight"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Forbes&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved January 11, 2009.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Nunn–Lugar Report"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(PDF). Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. August 2005. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Democratic Republic of the Congo"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. April 2006. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on January 8, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2012.&lt;a href="http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Hill&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Hill&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:&lt;a href="http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://CQPolitics.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;CQPolitics.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453:" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Thomas. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Honesty in Elections"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(editorial).&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. January 31, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/02/07/news/illiana/doc65cc98d8dc6506b28625727b0011edb5.txt" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Medill News Service&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&amp;amp;ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&amp;amp;ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 5, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:Dine, Philip (December 23, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/srlinks.nsf/story/2E7CC823AD55667B862573A7007D12A2?OpenDocument" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;St. Louis Post-Dispatch&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. March 14, 2008. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 18, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Archived from&lt;a href="http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/obama.senate.gov/committees/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Committee Assignments"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://obama.senate.gov/committees/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 9, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Gets New Committee Assignments"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Associated Press. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. November 15, 2006. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sunday Times (UK)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London). Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Larson, Christina (September 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Washington Monthly&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&amp;amp;id=3806933" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. WLS-TV. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: transparent; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://News24.com/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;News24.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. August 28, 2006. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on June 5, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Standard (Nairobi)&lt;/i&gt;. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on October 10, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (September 4, 2006).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Standard (Nairobi)&lt;/i&gt;. Archived from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on October 7, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;^&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad; font: normal normal normal 10px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pearson, Rick; Long, Ray (February 10, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama: I'm running for president"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved September 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Launches Presidential Bid"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BBC News&lt;/i&gt;. February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved June 12, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved April 14, 2008. See also:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Thomas" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;Thomas, Evan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;A Long Time Coming&lt;/i&gt;. New York:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;PublicAffairs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. p.&amp;nbsp;74.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;ISBN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-607-5" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;978-1-58648-607-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama's 'One Thing'"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved April 14, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Obama promise of hope and change"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Independent&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London). November 1, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tumulty, Karen (May 8, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Five Mistakes Clinton Made"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved November 11, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Baker, Peter and Rutenberg, Jim (June 8, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"The Long Road to a Clinton Exit"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved November 29, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved November 20, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved September 20, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="color: #3466bb; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM:POLITICS" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"&gt;"Sources: High court selection process down to finalists"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. CNN. May 13, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tom Baldwin (August 27, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;TimesOnline&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London). Retrieved August 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Nagourney, Adam (August 27, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html?pagewanted=all" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved August 27, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Liasson, Mara; Norris, Michele (July 7, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama To Accept Nomination At Mile High Stadium"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. NPR. Retrieved December 22, 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0745ad;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;^&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3466bb;"&gt;"Obama accepts Democrat nomination"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BBC News&lt;/i&gt;. August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Marks, Alexandra (August 29, 2008).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://features.csmonitor.com/
